روند تغییر تراز و خشکسالی ذخیره‌های آب زیرزمینی در آبخیز کرخه

نوع مقاله : پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار بخش بیابان، مؤسسه تحقیقات جنگل ها و مراتع کشور، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، تهران، ایران

2 استادیار دانشکده زمین شناسی، پردیس علوم، دانشگاه تهران

چکیده

مدیریت منبع‌های آب در کشورهایی هم­چون ایران با اقلیم خشک و نیمه‌خشک به دلیل تغییر اقلیمی کره ­­ی زمین و افزایش جمعیت ضروری است. بررسی خشک­سالی‌ آب­ های زیرزمینی و عامل‌های مؤثر بر افت تراز آب‌های زیرزمینی برای یافتن راه‌کارهای آن‌ها حیاتی است.  برای بررسی روند تغییر آب زیرزمینی و ارزیابی تاثیر خشک­سالی‌های گوناگون بر هم در آبخیز کرخه شاخص ­های خشک­سالی GRI، SPEI و SDI در دوره ­ی داده‌برداری 11 ساله (1395-1385) تجزیه و تحلیل شد. نتیجه‌ نشان داد که در بیش‌تر مناطق با خشک‌سالی اقلیمی، خشک­سالی آب‌شناسی نیز با هماهنگی و انطباق خوبی رخ داده‌است. میانگین شاخص GRI در محدوده‌های بررسی‌شده‌ی آبخیز کرخه نشان‌دهنده ­ی خشک­سالی ملایم برای محدوده‌های سنقر، نهاوند، صحنه، هرسم، خرم‌آباد، تویسرکان، اسدآباد، ملایر، بیستون- دیناور، میان‌راهان و حسن‌آباد- قلعه شیان است. در محدوده‌های بررسی‌شده‌ی چغلوندی، کوهدشت، کنگاور، اسلام‌آباد غرب، روانسر- سنجابی، کرمانشاه و ماهیدشت، خشک­سالی‌های شدیدتری با شاخص خشک­سالی به ترتیب 1/08-، 1/13-، 1/21-، 1/23-، 1/25-، 1/31- و 1/35- تشخیص داده شد، که نشان‌دهنده‌ی کاهش تراز ایست‌آبی و افزایش عمق آب زیرزمینی است. شاخص GRI در این دوره در شرق، غرب و مرکز آبخیز نمایان‌تر است، و در سال‌های پایانی محدوده‌های مرکزی درگیر خشک­سالی‌های شدید‌تری شده‌اند. این انطباق در نقشه ­ی پهنه‌بندی SPEI دیده می‌شود. علاوه بر این در برخی موارد برداشت‌های بی‌رویه به نسبت تاثیر بیش‌تری در افت تراز آب دارند. بنابراین ایجاد مدیریت یکپارچه برای پایداری منبع‌های آب زیرزمینی به‌خصوص در بخش کشاورزی، و اصلاح مدیریت شیوه‌های سنتی برداشت آب زیرزمینی الزامی است. قبل از این‌که خشک­سالی‌های هواشناسی و در ادامه­ آن خشک­سالی‌ منبع‌های آب سطحی بر افت تراز آب زیرزمینی تاثیرگزار شود، اقدام‌های لازم برای جلوگیری از اثرهای بد بر منبع‌های آب انجام شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Trend of Groundwater Variations and Drought in the Karkheh Watershed

نویسندگان [English]

  • Samira Zandifar 1
  • Fatemeh Dargahian 1
  • Elham Fijani 2
  • Maryam Naeimi 1
1 Assistant Professor, Desert Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangeland, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Hydrogeology, School of Geology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

Water resources management is essential in countries, such as Iran, with arid and semi-arid climates due to global climate change and population growth. Knowledge of hydrogeological droughts and effective factors on groundwater drawdown is essential in providing management solutions for these vital resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the trend of groundwater variations and assessment of groundwater shortage in the Karkheh Watershed using the SPEI, SDI and GRI drought indices in an eleven -year statistical period (2006-2017). The results indicated that in most of the study areas, there was a correlation between the SPEI and SDI indices. The mean values of the GRI index in the study area of Karkheh watershed area show weak drought for the Sanghar, Nahavand, Sahneh, Hersam, Khorramabad, Tuyserkan, Asadabad, Malayer, Biston-Dinavar, Mian Rahan and Hassanabad-Qala-e-Shian areas. A more severe drought with the drought indices of -1.08, -1.13, -1.21, -1.23, -1.25, -1.31 and -1.35 was determined for Chaghloundi, Kuhdasht, Kangavar, Islamabad Gharb, Ravansar-Sanjabi, Kermanshah and Mahidasht respectively. These indicates a decrease in the water level elevation and an increase in the depth to the groundwater in these areas. The GRI drought index is more visible during the ten-year statistical period in the east, west and center of the Karkheh Catchment Area; while in the last years of this period, the central areas of the catchment had been affected by more severe droughts, which may be confirmed by the SPI zoning map. Although in most cases climatic drought, and consequently hydrological drought had caused the depletion of groundwater level in the basin, the results of comparison between the two types of drought indicated the effectiveness of other factors such as exploitation of the groundwater resources. Therefore, it is necessary to establish an integrated management for the sustainability of groundwater resources, especially in the agricultural sector, as well as reforming the management of traditional groundwater abstraction systems, before meteorological droughts and subsequent surface water shortages affect groundwater levels.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • GRI drought index
  • groundwater drawdown
  • Karkheh Watershed
  • SDI drought index

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 08 تیر 1399
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 22 آذر 1399
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 30 آذر 1399

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